ocr: Since a tailedrebellion in 1962, . a state of emergency has been in force and the Sultan has ruled by decree. Hopes for democracy were dashed when political parties were bannedin 1988.In 1990, "Malay Muslim Monarchy" was introduced, promoting Islamic values, as the state ideology. This further alienated the large Chinese and expatriate communities. Power is closely tiedto the royal family. Two ofthe Sultan's brothers hold the finance and foreign attairs portfolios; the Sultan himselflooks after defense.
